However, the knowledge could not effectively help them increase the awareness and subsequently abandon the ingestion of raw freshwater fish.īesides many other factors, the mutual impact in ingesting raw freshwater fish among family members is of crucial importance, which is called familial assimilation. Indeed, compared to children, adults especially men have more knowledge on human liver flukes. However, adults especially men are highly indulged into this dietary habit, and thus education on them is challenging. Education is advocated to be integrated to promote behavioral change in ingestion of raw freshwater fish. However, single chemotherapy strategy could not prevent re-infection, and thus prevalence and infection intensity bounce quickly when intervention stops. This strategy is high effective in term of the decrease in both prevalence and infection intensity after several rounds’ administration of drugs. Thus, chemotherapy with drugs (usually praziquantel) is nowadays employed as mainstream. Severe morbidity is subsequently presented in adults especially men. Infection with human liver flukes are characterized by high prevalence and infection intensity in the male compared to the female and in adults than children, which is attributable to differential dietary habit in ingesting raw freshwater fish. felineus in Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. viverrini in Southeast Asia including Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, southern Vietnam and Myanmar, and another 1.6 million by O. sinensis in China, the Republic of Korea, northern Vietnam and part of Russia, 12 million cases by O. An estimation of 15 million people are afflicted by C. These liver fluke infections are predominantly prevalent in Asia and east part of Europe. viverrini are definite carcinogen, leading to fatal sequelae-cholangiocarcinoma. Persistent infection without treatment and management leads to severe complications, of which gallstone and cholecystitis are most frequent. In early infection, symptoms are mild and nonspecific, of which abdominal pain and diarrhea are frequent. Human liver flukes cause diverse symptoms and complications. Metacercariae enter human bodies and develop into adult worms, parasitizing in liver and biliary system and laying eggs there. Human beings are infected through the ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater fish containing the infective larvae (metacercariae). Their life cycle involves in intermediate hosts-freshwater snails and fish, and definitive hosts-humans and vertebrate animals. felineus are important human liver flukes, causing clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis in human beings. Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini and O.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |